Mussolinis Foreign Policy Essay - 663 Words

Mussolinis Foreign Policy Mussolini considered foreign policy to be so important that he acted as his own Foreign Minister. After 1936 he gave it to his son in law Count Ciano. Through him, Mussolini still retained control. His foreign policy was expansionist and was also used to sort out domestic problems. Frequently he sought to distract attention from internal problems while at the same time trying to impress Italians with success abroad. Mussolini tended to be the aggressor rather than the conciliator, believing it was better to be feared than liked. The main areas of planned Fascist expansion were to be the Balkans, North Africa and the Mediterranean was to become an Italian lake. His†¦show more content†¦After WWI Italy longed for peace. Mussolini enjoyed signing peace pacts with foreign countries and signed 8 pacts between 1926-1930. He wanted Italy to remain a great European power but secretly hoped that she might one day become a world power. He won acclaim in Italy by signing the Treaty of Locarno in 192 confirming the Versailles division of Europe and the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928 by which he committed Italy to renounce war as an instrument of policy. For some time, Mussolini had been casting his eyes towards Africa especially Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). The Italians invaded Abyssinia in Oct 1935 without first declaring war. By employing aeroplane bombs, machine guns and poison gas on a large scale, the Italians had little difficulty in overcoming Abyssinian resistance. But Abyssinia was a League of Nations member and its emperor, Haile Selaisse, applied for help. Italy was condemned as an aggressor and economic sanctions were imposed, but were of little use. In May 1936 Marshal Badoglio led the capture of the Abyssinian capital, Addis Ababa. Mussolini declared the creation of an Italian empire with Victor Emmanuel III as emperor. However this incident caused the withdrawal of Italy from the league in 1937. A further consequence of the Abyssinian incident was that it drove Mussolini to have closer ties with Hitlers Germany. HitlerShow MoreRelatedMussolinis Foreign Policy1910 Words   |  8 PagesMUSSOLINI’S FOREIGN POLICY In the early days of Mussolini’s regime (he came to power in 1922), Italian foreign policy seemed rather confused: Mussolini knew what he wanted, which was ‘to make Italy great, respected and feared.’ But he was not sure how to achieve this, apart from agitating for a revision of the 1919 peace settlement in Italy’s favour. At first he seemed to think an adventurous foreign policy was his best line of action, hence the Corfu Incident and the occupation of Fiume in 1923Read MoreTo What Extent Was Mussolinis Foreign Policy a Failure from 1933-411905 Words   |  8 PagesHow far do you agree that Mussolini’s foreign policy in the years 1933-41 was a complete failure? I want to make Italy great, respected and feared said Mussolini in 1925. Mussolinis foreign policy included a number of positive and negative factors which all contributed to the rise, and the ultimately to the downfall, of both Mussolini and the Italian empire. Mussolini was intent on revising the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles and was very keen to show off Italys power. He felt that ItalyRead MoreEvaluate the Successes and Failures of Mussolini’s Domestic Policies1482 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluate the successes and failures of Mussolini’s domestic policies By 1925, Mussolini had achieved a totalitarian regime, but now he needed to spread fascism into every area of life for the Italians, â€Å"everything within the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State†. As a Dictator with clear aims, Mussolini tried to replace all past policies with new ones which would help to achieve his fascist ideologies; these included the various economic â€Å"Battles† and the establishment ofRead MoreEssay on Italy in World War II1093 Words   |  5 Pageseconomically. (1) Mussolini, along with Hitler, pushed towards a nation that was free of Jews, and would consist solely of the perfect man. Mussolini’s goal was to create an ultimate Italian empire, in alliance with Hitler’s Germany. (2) The manner in which Mussolini and the Fascist Party gained possession of the government was regarded in most foreign circles as an illegal act of violence. (3) As the nation of Italy began to suffer great debts, Mussolini had been summoned by the King to formRead MoreThe Successes and Failures of Mussolinis Domestic Policies in Italy Between 1922 and 19391101 Words   |  5 PagesThe Successes and Failures of Mussolinis Domestic Policies in Italy Between 1922 and 1939 Similar to those of Hitler, Mussolini’s main goals were to create an Italian state with a strong identity and role within Europe with a powerful military force. From the day he became Prime Minister on October 29th, 1922 of a coalition government, he lacked a certain skill in organization. It was not quite clear what exactly Mussolini wanted to do, and it seemed as though he madeRead MoreMain Causes And Consequences Of The Abyssinian Crisis Of 19351214 Words   |  5 PagesAbyssinian Crisis played an important role in creating a bridge between the Wall St Crash and World War Two. Three of the main causes of the Abyssinian crisis were (as mentioned before) the Wall St Crash of 1929, Italy losing the Battle of Adwa 1896 and Mussolinis wish to rebuild a modern Roman Empire. These causes all created short term and long term consequences, for example, the impact on both Italian and Abyssinian people. These causes and consequences linked both to the Wall St Crash and the outbreakRead MoreThe Role of Control and Propaganda in Mussolini’s Reign and Their Importance1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Control and Propaganda in Mussolini’s Reign and Their Importance To discover if either control or propaganda were more or equally important, there are many different areas to look at. Both control and propaganda were used in these areas, but with different effects and policies, while one may have been more necessary than the other. Each area is different and the different mediums that exist within them, such as radio or newspapers, were dealt with individuallyRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Domestic Policies of Hitler and Mussolini1495 Words   |  6 PagesFundamentally, both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler had the same burning desire to each make their nation a respected and economically impregnable Great Power. Mussolini wanted to return Italy to its glory days of the ancient Roman Empire, a domestic policy amongst others which was used as propaganda and to ultimately consolidate his power. A strong economy and a united state were vital for both countries in case of the outbreak of yet another catastrophic war. Everything in the state, nothing outsideRead Moreâ€Å"Mussolinis Economic and Social Policies Only Had Limited Success.† How Far Do You Agree?1797 Words   |  8 Pagesimplemented new social and economic policies which varied in their success. Socially, his policies such as controlling workers worked in the short run as Dopolavoro numbers were high, however in the long run they were a failure, due to the lack of loyalty workers showed to Mussolini during his fall from power after world war one. Mussolinis Battles were the least successful aspect of his policies, with his youth policies also limiting success. Nevertheless his social policy of propaganda through the mediaRead More Mussolini Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesItaly he persisted and gave public speeches, the people loved his ideas. He became one of Italys most intelligent and menacing young Socialist. In November 1914 he published, Il Popolo dItalia, and the prowar group Fasci dAzione Rivoluzionaria. Mussolinis lifeblood went into Il Popolo dItalia. Benito Mussolini became a national force; groups supporting intervention in the war sprang up everywhere. His expectations for the war, was the collapse of society that would bring him to power. His socialist

Laughter The Mysterious Stranger And Other Curious Tales

Laughter is powerful. In fact, it was Mark Twain who once said, â€Å"Against the assault of laughter, nothing can stand† (Twain, â€Å"The Mysterious Stranger and Other Curious Tales†). Be it a frown, hesitation, or a person’s dignity, the human desire to be liked and express emotion in such a form permeates almost every aspect of our daily life. In literature specifically, laughter plays an essential role in expressing characters’ emotions, illuminating the tensions between characters, and even advancing the plot. Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment in particular poses an interesting challenge: examining the ways that various dimensions of laughter affect a scene as complex as Raskolnikov’s first encounter with Marmeladov. Through examining laughter†¦show more content†¦Heh, heh, heh† and laughs, both to alleviate his own internal tension, as well as express the ironic reversed nature of this exchange with his child, where he r equests money, instead of vice versa. By laughing, whether nervously for fear of judgement, out of self-pity, or even in recognizing the fragmented state of his family, the text suggests that Marmeladov releases some of this internal tension by laughing not once, but twice. This dimension of laughter is significant to the scene, as it gives insight to Marmeladov’s emotional state, which is essential for determining how the subsequent laughter from the outside community will affect him. As laughter begins to spread to others in the tavern, it spurs a greater reaction from Marmeladov. As the narrator notes in describing the exchanges, men like Marmeladov (alcoholics) â€Å"always seem eager to solicit justification for themselves, and even respect as well† (14). This further solidifies the idea that laughter, particularly in the form of attention from the community directed towards Marmeladov, acts as a mechanism by which to control Marmeladov himself. In this case, laughter initially leads Marmeladov to â€Å"wait sedately and this time with greater dignity for the renewed sniggering in the room to die down,† though as the laughing increases, he â€Å"†¦repeat[s] it withoutShow MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pages34 Copyright  © 2011 by Walter G. Moss WISDOM, HUMOR, AND FAITH: A HISTORICAL VIEW â€Å"And frame your mind to mirth and merriment, / Which bars a thousand harms and lengthens life.† Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew, Induction, Scene 2. â€Å"Laughter without a tinge of philosophy is but a sneeze of humor. Genuine humor is replete with wisdom.† Mark Twain, quoted in Opie Percival Read, Mark Twain and I (1940), 17. â€Å"Humor offers both a form of wisdom and a means of survival in a threateningRead MoreMario and the Magician18314 Words   |  74 Pagesfull-throated southern voice. Such was the scene that greeted our arrival in Torre: pleasant enough, but after all, we thought, we had come too soon. It was the middle of August, the Italian season was still at its height, scarcely the moment for strangers to learn to love the special charms of the place. What an afternoon crowd in the cafà ©s on the front! For instance, in the Esquisito, where we sometimes sat and were served by Mario, that very Mario of whom I shall have presently to tell. It isRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 Pagesform, without communication with others arts, without communication with the aesthetics. Style is substantial, and it gives to the facts semantic coloring. The reader whoÐ ¾ does not notice the style, difficultly perceives images and ideas, does not feel colours of a picture, does not see it completely and in effect does not understand. The word Style is derived from the Latin word stilus which meant a short stick sharp at one end and flat at the other used by the Romans for writing onRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesprinting of this volume, have become obsolete and no longer correspond to the present state of my investigations.** Thus, in the case of partial changes in my orientation, or simply of new developments, or even when recent contributions to the field by other authors had to be accounted for, I have preferred toupdate merely by adding notes (rather long ones when necessary) instead of modifying the original texts. †  * Originally published in French under the title Essais sur la signification au cinema—TRANSLATORRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pageswas mistyped from the ms. the global conversion occasionally produced eccentric results. I have checked this as far as possible against the photocopy, but some inconsistencies between photocopy and electronic file may remain. I have also corrected other obvious errors, checked and updated scientific names and reformatted the headings. I have added additional etymologies where they were known to me and substituted updated scientific names. One orthographic change is the substitution of the more easily

Scientfic Management and Human Relations Theory †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Scientfic Management and Human Relations Theory. Answer: Introduction: The theme behind thescientific management movement is to increase the productivity by the means of improvement in the methods or practices followed by the workers. The motive behind the introduction of scientific management by the theorists was that the business should be effective enough in order to foster efficiency in the work operations. This will increase the production level of an organization. It lacks the presence of empathy or human emotions in its theory. Requirements of an organization were given more preference than the requirements of an individual. Inventory tracking, routine slips were some of the outcomes of this method of management in the U.S. during the 20th century(Bauer, 2012). Human relations management movement tried to cover up the missing point ofscientific management. Along with aiming for improving the level of output, it also aimed for human relations. This theory focuses on individual wants rather than the wants of a business. Apart from the growth of an organization, the theory made a point for individuals personal growth and development.Modern management theory is the mixture ofscientific management and human relations movement. It aims for both productivity as well as human development. It emphasizes on increasing the quality of techniques used for productivity as well as understanding the relation of workers and the management. In todays world, we find the practice of modern management irrespective of the size and nature of the business (Mayo, 1945). Differences in scientific management and human relations theory management with respect to modern management theory The theme of the management theories: Scientific management believed in increasing the level of output because it was the urgent need of 20th century. For this, the followers of this management theory started ignoring the essence of human needs. Whereas, human relations theory management evolved due to the loophole of scientific management. It aimed more on human needs and development. Productivity and human development both are important for an economy to survive. The absence of either of the elements will not survive in the long run. Thus, modern management theorys theme works for both the principle of increasing the productivity via modern techniques and personal development of workers (Weber, 1947). Exploitation of workers: It is one of the limitations of scientific management that the theory can be used to misuse the manpower. With the sole emphasis on productivity, humans were also presumed to be a machine whose only aim is to increase the output of the business. This thought has led to exploitation of workers by making them work for a longer duration at lesser wage rate or even ignoring their health conditions. Human theory management understands the importance of workers and it believes that to enhance the productivity one should also enhance the productivity of the workers. Modern management theory neither aims for sole exploitation nor over emphasizes on human development. It succeeds in maintaining a balance between personal development and productivity (Mayo, 1945). Mechanical v/s. Manual working pattern: During scientific management practice, management faced the issue of quality because the working style was manual in nature. This led to the scope of human error in the level of production. The output level was increasing but with the compromise of quality. While during human theory management practice, due to mechanical system of working, the quality used to suffer because of inbuilt issues of machines. Modern management practice affirms the blend of the mechanical and manual form of working so that neither the quality of product nor the efforts of labour are compromised (Guest, 1987). The choice between the quality of worker and quantity of output: During the early 20th century, due to the differences in the supply and demand of goods, scientific management was introduced by the theorists with the aim to at least curb this problem. They chose quantity upon quality. While by the end of 20th century, it was realized that apart from the output, human development is also important. It chooses quality over quantity. Modern management practice chooses both, quality and quantity. Even if it is a mid-size or a large firm, we find the focus of management on both the alternatives (Bratton Jeff, 2012). Training of workers: During the early 20th century, the followers of scientific management theory had focused only for imparting training in order to increase the productivity of a business. This made the workers well trained. By the end of the 20th century, the followers of human relations theory had focused on training the workers in order to strengthen the human resource management, both on the professional as well as on the personal level. The system lagged in maintaining its focus on the productivity level. Modern management practise focuses on training an individual both, for his personal development as well as training him in order to get the best work done out of him. This, in turn, made the workers effective and efficient (Hunter, 1983). Similarities in scientific management and human relations theory management with respect to modern management theory Setting up of objectives: Both the theories aim for setting up of objectives for the business as well as for the human workforce in their own manner. Their aim is quite common prima facie, i.e. to be effective in their working style. Modern management theory also shares the common base with this two management practice. It has been evolved on the basis of these two theories with an ultimate aim to manage the workforce and operations in an effective and efficient manner. Motivation is the driving force: In order to keep the workers motivated, both the theories conducted research and found out the best possible way of their time in order to elevate the productivity level of an organization. Motivation was the sole purpose which lies behind the discovery of these two types of management theories. Thus, motivation stands out to be the common point between the scientific management and human relations movement theory or practice. It acts as one of the basic tenets of management and thus, modern management theory and practice also uses the concept of motivation for increasing the productivity as well as the development of the employees or workers (R.Dixon, 1991). Managing cultural constraints: Whether it was scientific management theory or human relations movement theory, both have managed cultural constraints in their own manner. They did not allow affecting their basic aim to get influenced due to cultural constraints in the organization. Be it the early 20th century or the end of the 20th-century era, the workforce worked together to carry out their respective managements purpose. Similarly, modern management theory or practice also pays equal importance to the cultural constraints. It makes sure that neither the productivity level nor the quality of workforce gets affected due to cultural barriers. For an organization, all the workers or employees are equal in the eyes of the management (Bauer, 2012). Important contributions to the economy: Scientific management as well as human relations movement theory both played their respective role in making their own contribution to the economy. Whether it was bridging the gap between supply and demand in an economy by increasing the productivity or making effective human resource management, these were marked as significant contributions in their time. Modern management theory and practice also contributes to the economy by adding to the level of productivity as well as adding to the human workforce of a country. Both the quality and quantity has been emphasized so that the economy grows in all directions (Farquhar, 1919). Conclusion: Thus, the scientific theory of management and human relations movement theory had their own set of similarities and differences when compared with modern management theory and practice. While the scientific management was more inclined towards the output or the productivity level, the human theory relations movement was more focussed on the interdependent relations of the employees with the management. The blend of the above two mentioned management theories is the modern management theory. It has its own set of advantages and limitations with the base root of both the management theories. With the concept of balance score card, human resource management, labor efficiency and optimum utilization of resources, modern management theory has been evolved in a more refined version of both the theories (Hamel, 2008). In order to upkeep with the pace of the development, it is important that the theories should be updated to cover more elements of the management. Such is the quality of modern management theory that it contains common traits of human relations movement as well as of scientific management. With an aim of increased level of effectiveness and efficiency the concept is being used in various MNCs, mid-size and small scale organizations. Today, modern management practice is not stagnant like the two theories in terms of their theme. It is constantly getting updated by the theorists so that the prevalent loopholes in the practices are curbed for further development(Bauer, 2012). Bibliography Bauer, T., 2012. Commpare and Contrast Scientfic Management and Human Relations Theory. Edinburgh: GRIN Verlag. Bratton, J. Jeff, G., 2012. Human Resource Management - Theory and Practise. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Farquhar, H. H., 1919. Positive Cotributions of Scientific Management. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Issue 33(3), pp. 466-503. Guest, D. E., 1987. Human Resource Management and Industrial Rlations. Journal of Management Studies, 24(5), p. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.. Hamel, G., 2008. The future of management. HRM- International Digest, 16(6). Hunter, T. N., 1983. Modern Approaches to Understanding and Managing Organizations. Public Productivity Review, 10(1), pp. 111-113. Mayo, E., 1945. The social problems of an Industrial Civilization. New Hampshire: Ayer. Olum, Y., 2004. Modern Management Theory and Practises. Being a paper presented at the 15th East African . R.Dixon, 1991. Management Theory and Practise. England: Butterworth Heinemann Ltd. . Weber, M., 1947. The theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: New York University Press.