The link between motivation and organizational performance Essay Example for Free

The link between motivation and organizational performance Essay Citing example from the Palm Toy tutorial case study, and with reference to academic literature, discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to my understanding of work motivation and evaluate critically the extent to the link between motivation and organizational performance. Work motivation is an ensemble of internal and external forces which could initialize the work behavior, determining its direction,form, intensity and duration which is concerned with positive incentives and avoid negative incentives in the workplace (Pinder 2008). There are an array of theories that were put forward by organizational scholars. For instance, Maslow’s Need-based theories which focus on fulfilling employees’ needs, Vroom’s Expectancy theory which is related to the function of individual’ expectation, Herzberg’s TWO-FACTOR theory which is known as Motivation-hygiene theory and Adams’ Equity theory which demonstrates the relationship between equity and motivation (Hellriegel 2004). Additionally, the correlation between motivation and organizational performance has always been an unresolved discussion. Research shows that motivation is related to individual performance which directly affect the outcomes of companies and can be influenced positively or negatively (Micle 2009). While on the other hand, other researchers have suggested that there is negligible relationship between motivation and organizational performance(Bolton 2005). Taking the example of the Palm Toy tutorial case study, this essay firstly illustrates intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors in terms of work motivation, then focuses on the close relationship between motivation and organizational performance. There are a variety of factors which contribute to comprehend work motivation. This paper divides factors into two parts- intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. First of all, with regard to internal aspects, in the case of the Palm Toy company, workers are motivated at a high level when they have access to provide their suggestions and make plans by themselves.To be precise, employees tend to show more initiative and possess self value achievement which is the highest level of Maslow’ hierarchy of needs(Maslow 1943). Then, based on the Expectancy theory studied by Victor H. Vroom in 1964, it can be understood that if workers  harbor the idea that they have competence to finish their work objectives they will perform effectively with high motivation because they know that there is high probability to achieve the goal (Bandura 1986). That is to say, workers in Palm company decide the speed of belt according to their expectancy and valence so that they work with enthusiasm and as a result, production increased. Moreover, turning to the external factors, firstly, working conditions are a significant aspect. Precisely, working conditions are closely bound up with job satisfaction,when people work in a comfortable working environment they are willing to contribute more (Babic and Bakotic 2013). For example, according to tutorial case after buying fans the sense of happiness of workers boosted, consequently, employees were motivated with satisfaction. By contrast, according to the theory by Herzberg in 1968, working conditions,as hygiene and contextual factor, should be attended to as a way of minimizing job dissatisfaction instead of increasing satisfaction (Rusu 2013). Meanwhile, equity should be considered as an indispensable part of motivation (Traupmann 1978). Based on the Adams Equity theory, it can be seen that employees strive for fairness and justice by comparing adequate rewards and the compensation for their contributive inputs (Kinicki and Kreitner 2001). And workers are inclined to be motivated working in a fair circumstance by a sense of equity otherwise they tend to become anxious (Kinicki and Kreitner 2001). To be precise , as it is mentioned in Palm Toy company ,workers in other plants may feel unfair because of different earnings which can be regarded as negative inequity. In conclusion, work motivation contains intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors which can help me understand it. As to the correlation between motivation and organizational performance. Performance is linked to motivation. Research shows that performance = motivation * ability which presents that performance is affected by motivation and ability (Norman and Clifford 1974). Meanwhile, ability is generally fixed so that motivation would play an important role to performance. In other words, there is a positive correlation between performance and motivation. However, there are a large number of other crucial variables which have an impact on the outputs, weakening the influence from motivation. For instance, task design, technology,  environment factors and other social factors(Kinicki and Kreitner 2001). In addition, based on the Goal setting theory studied in 1968 by Locke, it can be understood that setting a reasonable and appropriate goal facilitates individuals in focusing their efforts in a specified direction efficiently and consequently intensifying the organizational productivity. Preci sely, motivation will be generated when goals are acceptable and individuals tend to make more efforts to achieve the goals. Furthermore, research shows that 90% of field studies and laboratory involving challenging and specific goals lead to high performance and productivity ( Locke and Shaw 1981). By contrast, anxiety would be presented when employees are confronted by a high degree of challenging and difficult goals or the equivalents. In other words, although individuals work with a high level of motivation high performance could still not be guaranteed (Kleinbeck 1900). Moreover, payment could be regarded as an essential motivation which could lead to high performance (Heneman 1988). That is to say, workers are willing to contribute more as a result of monetary incentives which are regulated in a complete payment system. Conversely, studies shows that paying an worker too much may have adverse effects on their work performance. As a matter of fact they tend to generate less output than fairly paid employees (Sundheim 2013). To recapitulate, motivation is closely bound up with organizational performance. In conclusion, need of self-actualization, employees’ expectancy,working conditions and equity in the workplace contribute to a relatively profound and deep understanding of work motivation which could be divided into external factors and internal factors. Then, even though there are some other variables(task design, technology, environment factors and other social factors) which would affect the influence of motivation (Kinicki and Kreitner 2001), the performance formula (performance = motivation * ability), the goal-setting theory and payment system could support that there is a strong link between motivation and organizational performance. In the future, taking good advantages of the correlation between motivation and organizational performance effectively, organization productivity would be enhanced significantly. Reference: Pinder, C. 2008. Work motivation in organizational behavior . New York: Psychology Press. Hellriegel,D. 2004. Organizational Behavior. London: Thomson. Micle,M. 2009. Organizational climate,progress factor in motivation-performance relationship. Bucharest: Romanian Academy Publishing House. Bolton, S. 2005. Emotion Management in the Workplace. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Maslow,A. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review [Online] Available at: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm [ Accessed: August 2000]. Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bakotic, D and Babic, T. 2013. Relationship between Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Social Science 4(2), pp 206-213. Rusu,G.2013. Human resource motivation: an organizational performance perspective,Phd Thesis, Technical University of Iasi. Traupmann,J. 1978. A longitudinal study go equity in in timate relationships. PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin. Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R. 2001. Organizational Behavior. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Norman, A. and Clifford,A. 1974. Performance=Motivation*Ability: An integration-theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [Online] Alailable at: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuyid=1975-07303-001 [Accessed: November 1974]. Locke, E. and Shaw,K. 1981. Goal Setting and Task Performance. Psychological Bulletin. [Online] Available at: http://datause.cse.ucla.edu/DOCS/eal_goa_1981.pdf [ Accessed: 29 September 1981]. Kleinbeck,U.1990.Work motivation. Hillsdale:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Heneman, R.1988. The relationship between pay-for-performance perceptions and pay satisfaction. PhD thesis, The Ohio State University. Sundheim,K. 2013. What Really Motivates Employees? [Online].Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensundheim/2013/11/26/what-really-motivates-employees/ [Accessed: 26 November 2013].

Essay --

In the past, losing a limb and surviving often meant the start of a life with disability. Fortunately, through human ingenuity and research, biological engineering has helped change this. Mechanical hands that grasp and legs that walk can bring back the lost sense of a normal life and the outlook becomes brighter every year with each technological advancement. It is inherently within our nature to continue innovating and improving upon what already exists. This begs the question- how far will we go? This is an ethical question in the realm of that is just beginning to manifest itself. At the rate at which technology progresses and becomes more widely available, it is hard to not imagine a future in which one day replacement parts could just as, if not more efficient in some respects than fleshy body parts. Will doing so leave behind and disregard the fleshy vessels that make us human in the first place, or is this merely an extension of ourselves? Without being kept in check, there i s potential for significant ethical and social ramifications. In order to understand how and why this is worth concern, we must first examine the part of human psychology that acts as the source. This oddity lies in the caveat to the use of human-like robotics and prosthetics in terms of how the piece of technology is perceived by a third party. When something is clearly machine, it is viewed as such. However it has been consistently observed that as something becomes closer and closer to resembling a human or mimicking human-like traits, the aesthetic appeal plummets. This is known as the â€Å"uncanny valley†. For example, if a robotic face is colored to resemble the natural tone of skin, yet exhibits stiff and unnatural motions it is consistently viewed ... ...t a man born missing part of his legs is able to compete in sprinting Olympic events. However, it is unfair to other competitors when the extent of his handicap is unknown. If it were deemed that even with his state of the art prosthetics he was at a disadvantage, then he should be given the opportunity (given the adequate qualifying times held at the same standard as other runners) to race in the events he desires to. While there are currently very few other examples to which this situation can be compared to, the occurrences of similar scenarios have nowhere to go but up as innovation in biological engineering does. Ideally, precautions will be taken in order to avoid or minimize dividing people with something that would typically bring them together. To do so, researchers and society must make a conscious effort in order to bridge the gap of the uncanny valley.

Bernie Madoff

In December 2008 Bernie Madoff was arrested under the suspicion of fraud. His Wall Street firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, was founded in 1960. Madoff was the chairman of this company through its entire existence until his arrest. Ponzi Schemes such as the one Bernie Madoff started at his company have been around for years; the first being Charles Ponzi’s scheme in the 1900’s. Madoff made history through his scheme as it is considered one of the largest financial frauds ever.Madoff pulled the fraud off by taking money from investors and charities, and promising huge returns. Huge returns are exactly what his investors received also. Madoff was able to miraculously make his investors’ money with continually high percentages. Investors flocked to Madoff after seeing such great profits being made by others. Madoff ran his fraud operation anywhere from 18- 48 years. According to him the first fraud performed started in 1990 whereas, others believe t he company could’ve possibly been illegitimate throughout its existence.How does a person trick thousands of people into investing in a fraud? An answer for that could be good leadership. Madoff’s clients were often times people he knew on a personal basis. Portraying a self-image that showed honesty, intelligence, and confidence, Bernie had his investors trusting him not only financially, but also on a personal level. Although his intentions were selfish, wrong, and ignorant, his followers trusted him fully. This allowed Madoff to continue his process of simply taking money from one investment and giving it as a payoff to another.A process so simple ended up causing thousands of people to be in debt. The totals of his fraud reach numbers upwards of $50 billion. The next question that comes to mind is: how do you take money from all these people and they never realize what is actually happening? Madoff’s general employees didn’t know that the company was a scam but his â€Å"specialized† group of employees did. (Several of the closer employees were also charged with crimes. ) These individuals were all separated from the rest of the company on their own floor.Inside the walls of this floor the company committed its fraud. After the reports were calculated, employees were told to change the reports to a more satisfying result for the investors to see. The reports were sent with false information, often times having interest rates above 15%. Although these rates kept the investors, it brought attention of others after their returns weren’t coming back as high. Even when it wasn’t plausible for the investments to make hardly any money his investors were continually seeing these high interest rates.Some felt obligated to notify the SEC during times like this but his company was always covering its tracks and the SEC often didn’t feel like the allegations were worth any pursuit what-so-ever. Fortunately Madoff had to pay the price for his crime. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison in March 2009 after pleading guilty. As for the investors they were left with close to nothing. Some of the wealthiest in the United States were completely empty handed after the scandal surfaced. The government bailed out some of the investors but the numbers didn’t compare to what investors lost.A master in deception, Bernie seemed trustworthy to the public and always delivered calm, collected responses to all questions of a scam whenever people began to question the legitimacy of the business as early as 1998. The SEC also questioned Bernie a few times where he was never suspected by them to be a serious threat. Although Bernie had several characteristics of a good leader and business owner, it was all in vain due to his lack of ethical standards. Nobody can consider him a good leader or a good person after seeing his true plan for his investors.Madoff did apologize for his actions; saying, â €Å"I cannot adequately express how sorry I am for what I have done. † Madoff indeed can’t express this now. Whenever someone as powerful as Madoff once was comes forward admitting such information, it’s assumed that the public isn’t going to have much sympathy. Madoff set a new example for anyone trying to develop a scam. Most operations such as his don’t make it nearly as far as his. The mind set of these scam artists is to eventually turn the business legitimate or get out somehow.In order to make the business legitimate a person has to make enough money to pay off all the people they owe money to first which is impossible when you have a hole like Madoff did. When Ponzi schemes like this run their track it’s like a snowball effect. Madoff wasn’t technically any closer to the top as anyone trying a Ponzi scheme; he was just rolling a bigger snowball. Questionable leadership characteristics for Bernie Madoff would mostly be ethics b ut others would include: Lack of respect for employees and investors, greed, arrogance, and irresponsibility.His ethics problem is clearly seen by the fact of intentionally betraying thousands of people. His lack of respect includes not only putting his staff in danger of losing their jobs because of him but also because several investors (who sometimes had the confidence to invest all their money with him) lost their life savings thanks to Madoff. Greed was obviously one of Madoff’s downfalls as well, due to the massive amount of money he dealt with every day in his crimes.Arrogance shows with the note of him constantly being in contact with several of his investors and it not causing any problem with him because he thought he was unstoppable in his scam. Lastly, irresponsibility is outlined with every step of his process as he was trusted and didn’t feel it necessary to do what he was saying he was doing with the people’s money. These bad characteristics are w hat led to the fall of Bernie Madoff. It’s unknown how long Madoff spent performing this scheme but if he told the truth about the scam starting in 1990 it’s a shame.To have as much as Madoff had in 1990 would make most people ecstatic, and to see him blow all his honest lifetime earnings and business position just to pull off a Ponzi scheme must be one of the most ridiculous ideas ever constructed. To look at where Mr. Madoff could’ve been if he would’ve been less greedy and used his good leadership skills for good; Bernie might be one of the great business leaders to go down in history. Going down in history that way would really be a blessing to him now and probably more valuable than any amount of money.If there was only one thing to learn from the Bernie Madoff story it is that, without ethics no leader is worth following. To become a good leader you have to have people trust you. Madoff did have people trust him for a long period of time but his lie s caught up to him and now all his legacy holds is a bad reputation. If leader is ethical and good to the people he or she is leading then there won’t be a situation like Madoff’s which ended in total abomination. Works Cited â€Å"Scam of the Century: Bernie Madoff & The $50 Billion Heist. †Ã‚  CNBC. com. Cnbc, n. d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Bernie Madoff In December 2008 Bernie Madoff was arrested under the suspicion of fraud. His Wall Street firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, was founded in 1960. Madoff was the chairman of this company through its entire existence until his arrest. Ponzi Schemes such as the one Bernie Madoff started at his company have been around for years; the first being Charles Ponzi’s scheme in the 1900’s. Madoff made history through his scheme as it is considered one of the largest financial frauds ever.Madoff pulled the fraud off by taking money from investors and charities, and promising huge returns. Huge returns are exactly what his investors received also. Madoff was able to miraculously make his investors’ money with continually high percentages. Investors flocked to Madoff after seeing such great profits being made by others. Madoff ran his fraud operation anywhere from 18- 48 years. According to him the first fraud performed started in 1990 whereas, others believe t he company could’ve possibly been illegitimate throughout its existence.How does a person trick thousands of people into investing in a fraud? An answer for that could be good leadership. Madoff’s clients were often times people he knew on a personal basis. Portraying a self-image that showed honesty, intelligence, and confidence, Bernie had his investors trusting him not only financially, but also on a personal level. Although his intentions were selfish, wrong, and ignorant, his followers trusted him fully. This allowed Madoff to continue his process of simply taking money from one investment and giving it as a payoff to another.A process so simple ended up causing thousands of people to be in debt. The totals of his fraud reach numbers upwards of $50 billion. The next question that comes to mind is: how do you take money from all these people and they never realize what is actually happening? Madoff’s general employees didn’t know that the company was a scam but his â€Å"specialized† group of employees did. (Several of the closer employees were also charged with crimes. ) These individuals were all separated from the rest of the company on their own floor.Inside the walls of this floor the company committed its fraud. After the reports were calculated, employees were told to change the reports to a more satisfying result for the investors to see. The reports were sent with false information, often times having interest rates above 15%. Although these rates kept the investors, it brought attention of others after their returns weren’t coming back as high. Even when it wasn’t plausible for the investments to make hardly any money his investors were continually seeing these high interest rates.Some felt obligated to notify the SEC during times like this but his company was always covering its tracks and the SEC often didn’t feel like the allegations were worth any pursuit what-so-ever. Fortunately Madoff had to pay the price for his crime. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison in March 2009 after pleading guilty. As for the investors they were left with close to nothing. Some of the wealthiest in the United States were completely empty handed after the scandal surfaced. The government bailed out some of the investors but the numbers didn’t compare to what investors lost.A master in deception, Bernie seemed trustworthy to the public and always delivered calm, collected responses to all questions of a scam whenever people began to question the legitimacy of the business as early as 1998. The SEC also questioned Bernie a few times where he was never suspected by them to be a serious threat. Although Bernie had several characteristics of a good leader and business owner, it was all in vain due to his lack of ethical standards. Nobody can consider him a good leader or a good person after seeing his true plan for his investors.Madoff did apologize for his actions; saying, â €Å"I cannot adequately express how sorry I am for what I have done. † Madoff indeed can’t express this now. Whenever someone as powerful as Madoff once was comes forward admitting such information, it’s assumed that the public isn’t going to have much sympathy. Madoff set a new example for anyone trying to develop a scam. Most operations such as his don’t make it nearly as far as his. The mind set of these scam artists is to eventually turn the business legitimate or get out somehow.In order to make the business legitimate a person has to make enough money to pay off all the people they owe money to first which is impossible when you have a hole like Madoff did. When Ponzi schemes like this run their track it’s like a snowball effect. Madoff wasn’t technically any closer to the top as anyone trying a Ponzi scheme; he was just rolling a bigger snowball. Questionable leadership characteristics for Bernie Madoff would mostly be ethics b ut others would include: Lack of respect for employees and investors, greed, arrogance, and irresponsibility.His ethics problem is clearly seen by the fact of intentionally betraying thousands of people. His lack of respect includes not only putting his staff in danger of losing their jobs because of him but also because several investors (who sometimes had the confidence to invest all their money with him) lost their life savings thanks to Madoff. Greed was obviously one of Madoff’s downfalls as well, due to the massive amount of money he dealt with every day in his crimes.Arrogance shows with the note of him constantly being in contact with several of his investors and it not causing any problem with him because he thought he was unstoppable in his scam. Lastly, irresponsibility is outlined with every step of his process as he was trusted and didn’t feel it necessary to do what he was saying he was doing with the people’s money. These bad characteristics are w hat led to the fall of Bernie Madoff. It’s unknown how long Madoff spent performing this scheme but if he told the truth about the scam starting in 1990 it’s a shame.To have as much as Madoff had in 1990 would make most people ecstatic, and to see him blow all his honest lifetime earnings and business position just to pull off a Ponzi scheme must be one of the most ridiculous ideas ever constructed. To look at where Mr. Madoff could’ve been if he would’ve been less greedy and used his good leadership skills for good; Bernie might be one of the great business leaders to go down in history. Going down in history that way would really be a blessing to him now and probably more valuable than any amount of money.If there was only one thing to learn from the Bernie Madoff story it is that, without ethics no leader is worth following. To become a good leader you have to have people trust you. Madoff did have people trust him for a long period of time but his lie s caught up to him and now all his legacy holds is a bad reputation. If leader is ethical and good to the people he or she is leading then there won’t be a situation like Madoff’s which ended in total abomination. Works Cited â€Å"Scam of the Century: Bernie Madoff & The $50 Billion Heist. †Ã‚  CNBC. com. Cnbc, n. d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

President Theodore Roosevelt s New Nationalism - 2006 Words

For numerous of reasons concerning economic, political, and social developments that has taken place in four decades after the Civil War, sparked a revolutionary movement called Progressivism. In a new, vast land full of economic opportunities, this created a small class of elitists that will dominate the political system for self-interest, and will also cause an effect on the social life of the majority. A prominent, Progressive figure, was President Theodore Roosevelt; In his â€Å"New Nationalism† speech delivered in Osawatomie, Kansas, he outlines the goals and ideals of Progressivism that will appeal to the diverse majority of Americans and proves to be the foundation for future reformers and several accepting ideals still utilized today. Even though the Progressive movement deteriorated, these â€Å"radical† ideals sought to improve and benefit the society as a whole was the stepping stone for the future generations. At the time, America was undergoing through one of the most revolutionary time period of United States history, the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the vast advancement of technology, that has become part of Americans daily life and still today. These technologies helped the improvement in efficiencies of the workforce. A vital source for the economic advancement during this time period, was the encouragement from the government for private enterprise. Enterprises were more easily established due the monetary policy, in which allowed a betterShow MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the early 1900’s the president of the United States of America was a man called Theodore Roosevelt. Although he began his term as president with the death of President McKinley, his period in the White House turned out to be one of the most progressive periods in American history. 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Journalist automatically accusedRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt And Woodrow Wilson : The Progressive Era1651 Words   |  7 Pages During the Progressive Era from 1890-1920, America saw three new presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. This period of time is known as the Progressive Era due to the political and social changes made to move away from a laissez-faire government to a more active government by the administrations of these presidents. Prior to this period, Americans had to suffer through poor working conditions, low wages, social and class inequality and become victims to largeRead MoreThe Bull Moose3345 Words   |  14 Pagesinfluential, in fact, that his niece’s husband, another president of the United States, looked up to him as his idol. An unfortunate turn of events left a window wide open for this outstanding man, Theodore Roosevelt, to follow his destiny and leave a lasting imp act on America and its inhabitants. 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